[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Data Presentation
1) Define the following terms.
a) Class interval
The difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of a class is called the class interval.
b) Open-ended class
A class with no upper limit is called an open- ended class.
c) Frequency distribution
A tabular presentation of nominal or ordinal data as classes along with the frequency of their occurrence is called frequency distribution.
2) What are the factors one should keep in mind while preparing a frequency distribution for continuous data?
While preparing frequency distribution we should be keep in mind: number of class intervals, their width and whether they have to be closed or open.
Keywords
Bar Diagram : It is often defined as a set of thick lines corresponding to various values of the variable. It is different from histogram where width of the rectangle is important.
Class and Class Limits : It is a decided group of magnitudes having two ends called class limits or class boundaries.
Class Range : Also called class interval is the difference of two limits of a class. It is equal to upper limit minus lower limit. It is also called class width.
Continuous Frequency : A continuous frequency distribution in formed Distribution where the variable can take any value between two numbers like height and weight, income, temperatures, etc.
Exclusive Type Class : A class interval which includes all observations Interval that are greater than or equal to the lower limit but less than the upper limit.
Frequency Polygon : It is a broken line graph to represent a frequency distribution and can be obtained either from a histogram or directly from the distribution.
Frequency Curve : It is a smoothened graph of a frequency distribution obtained from frequency polygon through free hand tracing in such a way that the area under both of them is approximately the same.
Inclusive Type Class : A class interval in which all observations lying Interval between and including the class limits are included.
Discrete Frequency : A discrete distribution or discrete series is formed Distribution where the variable can take only discrete values like 1,2,3,..... Number of children in a family, number of students in a university, etc. are examples of discrete variable.
Open-end Class : A class in which one of the limits is not specified. Mid-value : It is the average value of two class limits. It falls just in the middle of a class.
Relative Frequency : It is frequency distribution where the frequency of Distribution each value is expressed as a fraction or a percentage of the total number of observations.
Histogram : It is a set of adjacent rectangles presented vertically with areas proportional to the frequencies.
Simple and Sub-divided Bar : In the case of simple bar diagram only one diagram variable can be presented. A sub-divided bar diagram is used to show various components of a phenomenon.
Pie Chart : It is a circle sub-divided into components to present proportion of different constituent parts of a total. It is also called pie chart.
Source:IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Fundamental, Applied, Action Research
1) Define the features of scientific method of research.
Scientific method of research is basic to any research. It implies that research follows a systematic and organised approach to conducting research. Data
collection is done to establish relations between variables and explain the cause and effect relation. It is further generalised to develop theories.
2) Explain the movement of research enquiry in the spiral of scientific method.
The Spiral of Scientific method is divided into four quadrants. The lowest point is called nadir where lies the problem to be solved. In the first quadrant, data collection
is done followed by classification, tabulation and analysis of data in the second quadrant. The cause- effect relations are established in the second quadrant and
hypotheses are drawn using inductive logic. In the third quadrant deductive logic is used to formulate laws. These laws are verified in the fourth quadrant and further
generalizations are done.
3) Define action research and the technique it employs
Action research is applied research done to immediately improve upon an existing situation. Mathematically stated, action research = action + research (knowledge
generated). It is useful for libraries where research needs to be done to improve upon the existing services for the benefit of users.
4) Define comparative research and its uses in society
Comparative research is a survey research comparing two entities, phenomena, or processes with a view two design and provides a new one having the best features of the two compared. In social life, it helps to create an understanding of
different viewpoints. Comparative religion is one of the examples that have helped to create an understanding and respect towards different religions.
5) Write brief notes on Diagnostic method of Research.
Diagnostic research is a problem solving study involving pinpointing the reasons for the problem and suggesting solutions for the same. The steps involved in it are:
1) Emergence and identification of the problem.
2) Diagnosis of its roots and causes.
3) Formulation of possible ways to treat the problem.
4) Suggesting a possible solution.
6) What are social surveys; how these can be applied to library studies?
Social surveys are descriptive cross- sectional studies done to know the present status of the different aspects of the society. These may cover sociological, economic, political, religious, anthropological, or attitudinal aspects. These may be done in libraries also to present, and evaluate the status of libraries. It may be with regard to the collection, services, staff, or users, etc.
Keyword:
Action Research : A type of practical and collaborative research to improve a method of practice.
Applied Research : Distinguished from basic or pure research, any research undertaken to solve immediate or practical problems.
Basic Research : Distinguished from applied research, any research undertaken purely for sake of knowledge without any immediate gain or use.
Comparative Research : A type of descriptive research to compare two or more similar entities to highlight similarities and differences. Ultimate utility may be to prepare a model with best features.
Data Processing : The act of collating, tabulating, classifying and drawing inferences from the gathered data.
Descriptive Research : A spatial survey of an entity or a family of entities to study the existing status and state-of-the art.
Diagnostic Research : A type of clinical method to investigate the root causes of a problem.
Exploratory Research : A rudimentary or preliminary work to study the viability of the research problem for its successful completion and useful results.
Nadir : The lowest point on the spiral of scientific method where the problem for research is identified and formally formulated.
Quadrant : One of the four equal sectors or areas into which the spiral of scientific method is divided. There are in all four quadrants produced by two intersecting lines drawn through the centre of the spiral. In each quardrant an important phase of research is completed.
Scientific Method : Any objective, transparent and repeatable method based on direct and systematic observation of phenomena to study cause-effect relation between two or more variables.
Social Research : Large scale social surveys from a large number of cases to discover the distribution and interrelationships of social and attitudinal variables.
Spiral of Scientific Method : A visual path of the research process through its various phases starting from data collection to formulation of theory.
Zenith : Highest point in the spiral of scientific method
Source:IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Interview method
1) Explain the role of interview in survey research Interview method is a very common tool of data collection in survey research.
One author has equated this tool with the surgical instrument in medicine. Through this method qualitative data can be collected which will supplement the research findings.
2) What do you understand by clinical interview?
Clinical interview is one of the types of unstructured interviews. This type is being used in social work, counselling and prison setting. This is also called personal history interview. This interview is used to get data on the personal feelings, life experiences of the respondents.
3) What are the infrastructure requirements for CATI system?
For CATI system one requires PC which is linked through network to server, telephone line connection, head phones set of questions, list of respondents to be interviewed.
4) Enumerate different stages of interview method.
Stages of Interview Method are:
Planning the interview process, construction of Interview Schedule, pre testing the schedule, recording the answers, preparing the transcripts, data analysis and finally, the report writing.
Keywords
Personal Interview : It is a face – to face interaction between researcher and respondent.
Interviewer : It is the person who is asking questions. He or she may be a research assistant or a researcher himself/herself.
Interviewee : It is the person who is being asked questions on a particular research problem under investigation. He or she may be called respondent or target population
CATI : It stands for Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing. In this system computer is used to conduct interview.
Interview Schedule : List of printed questions for seeking answers from the respondents. Interviewer records the responses on it.
Source:IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Statistical techniques
1) Write the formulae for the following concepts:
Arithmetic Mean : Sum of observed values of a set divided by the number of observations in the set is called a mean or an average.
Median : In a set of observations, it is the value of the middlemost item when they are arranged in order of magnitude.
Mode : In a set of observations, it is the value which occurs with maximum frequency.
Coefficient of Variation : It is a relative measure of dispersion which is independent of the units of measurement. As opposed to this Standard Deviation is a pure number.
Range : It is the difference between the largest and the smallest observations of a given set of data.
Standard Deviation : It is the positive square root of the variance.
Variance : It is the arithmetic mean of squares of deviations of observations from their arithmetic mean.
Normal Equations : A set of simultaneous equations derived in the application of the least squares method, for example in regression analysis. They are used to estimate the parameters of the model.
Regression : It is a statistical measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the original units of the data.
Cyclical Variations : Oscillatory movements of a time series where the period of oscillation, called cycle, is more than a year.
Irregular Movement : The random movement of time series, which is not explained by other components. In this sense it is a residual of other components.
Method of Least Squares : When a polynomial function is fitted to the time series, the method of least squares requires that the parameters of the function should be so chosen as to make the
sum of squares of the deviations between actual observations and expected values to be minimum.
Seasonal Variation : Periodical movement where the period is not longer than one year.
Secular Trend : The smooth, regular and long-term movement of a time series over a period of time. Trend may be upward or rising, downward or declining or it may remain more or less constant over time.
Source:IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Questionnaire Method
1) Explain why length of a questionnaire determines its response rate.
What should be the length of the questionnaire has been debated for a long. There is a belief that if it is lengthy the respondents may not fill it and leave it incomplete. Therefore, resulting in low response rate. If the questionnaire has less number of questions there is a possibility of getting high response rate.
2) Why is covering letter necessary in a mailed questionnaire?
Covering letter explains the objective of the survey and it requests the respondents Questionnaire Method to fill it. The researcher through this letter assures the respondents the confidentiality of their answers and the usage of data for research purpose only.
3) Differentiate between open ended and close-ended questions.
Open ended questions are those questions where respondent give answer in their own language. They freely express their views and answer according to their interpretation. These questions are also called unstructured questions. Close-ended questions are structured questions. Every question has a number of alternate answers. A respondent has to select one answer. These questions are also called
precoded questions.
4) What is a rating scale?
Rating scale is a measuring tool that requires the observer to assign the rated object to categories or continuum that have numerals assigned to them.
5) Why pretesting is required before finalisation of questionnaire?
Pretesting as the name suggests is a process of finalizing the questionnaire before putting it to actual use. It is essential as it alerts the researcher to the weaknesses, trouble points, and ambiguity in the questions. After pretesting the researcher revises it and circulate to the target population.
6) State the advantages of web-based questionnaire
Web-based questionnaire has advantages over printed questionnaire. The former can be distributed and received back from the wide spread population automatically. The answers can be validated. It is easy, quick and inexpensive.
Keywords
Questionnaire : It is data gathering instrument in survey research. It is a list of written questions, which are to answered by the target population.
Open Ended Questions : They are also called unstructured questions. In such questions respondents express their views freely.
Close Ended Questions : They are also known as structured questions. These questions are having number of answers. The responded is asked to choose one from the given options.
Pretesting : Before finalizing the questions in the questionnaire it is circulated to a sample for their opinion and suggestions. It is also called pilot survey.
Response Rate : The number of respondents returned the filled in questionnaire.
Rank Order Scale : Respondents are asked to rank all items according to some specified order.
Scaling Technique : A finite sample of concepts or items is ordered along a continuum. This may or may not accompanied by qualitative measurement of the variable represented by continuum.
Weighted Index : Weighted index derives by multiplying the percentage of respondents (weights) with the numerical value assign to the scale, and dividing the product by total value of the scale in terms of percentage.
Source:IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Survey Research
1) What is a library survey?
Library survey is the process of collecting information concerning the collection, processes, services, staff or users of libraries. It is done in a systematic way using standard techniques and tools.
2) Discuss the purpose of a library survey.
The purpose of a library survey is to know and present such information about libraries of certain types or in certain regions. It helps in knowing the state of development of libraries as well as to evaluate them for further improvement.
3) List the steps involved in data collection
The steps involved in data collection are:
Size and the nature of population must be clearly known;
Deciding the sampling techniques to be used and the sample size;
Deciding about the tools for data collection to be used;
Selecting scales for measurement;
Properly framing the questionnaire/ interview schedule taking care of the validity and reliability;
Conducting a pilot survey and improving the questionnaire/ interview schedule based on the feedback; and
Administering the data collection tool to the population.
4) Enumerate the problems of survey research regarding data.
The problems of survey research regarding data are:
Non- cooperation from respondents;
Low response rate;
Deliberate wrong information;
Unclear answers; and
Cooked up data provided by respondents.
5) Discuss the advantages of electronic surveys
Electronic surveys are useful in that they are economic. Any number of questionnaires can be mailed. The analysis is also simple as it saves on coding, tabulation and further testing of data.
Keywords:
Inductive Reasoning : Logical reasoning based on long drawn facts and observations. Sun will rise from the east tommorrow is inductive reasoning.
Informant : A person part of the population under study, who gives information or opinion to the researchers.
Margin of Error : Degree of deviation of sample from being a true representative of a population drawn by random sampling. In practice 0.5% Margin of Error is acceptable or normal. It means the sample is 95% approximation of the whole population.
Questionnaire : A formal and structured list of questions prepared by the researcher to be asked.
Random Sample : A sample drawn by probability technique in which every element of population has equal and independent chance of inclusion in the sample.
Sample : A formulated subset of population to represent in miniature the whole population to be researched.
Survey Research : It is a type of descriptive research to study a particular situation, or setting, to know its whole state of the art condition or any particular aspect to answer what, where when and who types of questions. Some times a huge data bank creation is the only immediate motive of survey research. In social sciences it is the most popular method.
Validity : It means either accuracy of observation and measurement; and the correctness of generalization of research results for other situations.
Source: IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Measurement of Variables
1) State the type of variable (nominal, ordinal and numerical) for the following:
a) tribes in India -- Nominal
b) height of children -- Numerical
c) number of books -- Numerical
d) accession number of books -- Nominal
e) subject codes -- Nominal
2) With an example explain the use of Likert scale.
Example of the use of Likert Scale: Show your agreement with the following:
Libraries will ever remain important for the advancement of the society
Strongly Agree; Agree; Undecided; Disagree; Strongly Disagree
3) What are the advantages of sampling over census?
Sampling is advantageous over statistic in that it saves cost and time to be devoted to the survey. It involves fewer personnel to be deployed and also results in more precision in the results.
4) Distinguish between sampling error and non-sampling error
Sampling error is due to the faulty sample selected. It may be due to non- probability sampling techniques adopted. Non- sampling errors are due to the errors in data measurement or analysis methods.
5) What are the important steps in carrying out a sample survey?
The steps to be followed in carrying out a sample survey are:
specification of objective, preparation of sampling frame, identification of sampling procedure, determination of sample size, and selection of sampling units.
6) Explain the procedure of drawing a stratified random sample.
The procedure of drawing a stratified random sample is:
Divide the population into strata based on some characteristic chosen by you (example, Post graduate/ Under graduate, Male/Female, etc.)
Decide the number of units to be taken from each stratum proportional to the relative size of the stratum and standard deviation of the characteristic within the stratum. If stratum size is then a large a sub-sample should be taken. Similarly if you find that variability among units is more in a stratum than other strata, then you should take a larger sub-sample from that.
Choose the sub-sample from each stratum using simple random sampling.
7) Explain the following concepts:
a) Systematic random sampling
Systematic random sampling is a type of random sampling where the bias is minimised. Here the random sample is selected in a systematic way, e.g., in case a sample of 100 is to be selected from a population of 1000, and then we may select the first member of the population and every subsequent 20th member.
b) Parameter and statistic
Parameter is a summary value of the population while statistic is that of the sample.
c) Multistage sampling
Multistage sampling is sampling done in two or more stages. In case we have to survey reading habits of users in public libraries, we may first take a random sample on the basis of geographical regions and then further take a sample on the basis of age groups. This is an example of multistage sampling.
KEYWORDS
Convenience Sampling : It refers to the method of obtaining a sample that is most conveniently available to the researcher.
Judgement Sampling : In this sampling procedure the selection of sample is based on the researcher’s judgement about some appropriate characteristics required of the sample units.
Multistage Sampling : The sample selection is done in a number of stages.
Parameter : It is a measure of some characteristic of the population.
Population : It is the entire collection of units of a specified type in a given place and at a particular point of time.
Quota Sampling : In this sampling procedure the samples are selected on the basis of some parameters such as age, gender, geographical region, education, income, religion, etc.
Sample : It is a sub-set of the population. Therefore, it is a collection of some units from the population.
Simple Random Sampling: This is the basic sampling procedure where all units in the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample.
Snowball Sampling : It relies on referrals from initial sampling units to generate additional sampling units.
Statistic : It is a function of the values of the units that are included in the sample. The basic purpose of a statistic is to estimate some parameter.
Stratified Random : In this sampling procedure the population is divided Sampling into groups called strata. Subsequently sub-samples are selected from each stratum using a random sampling method.
Systematic Sampling : In this procedure the units are selected from the population at uniform interval (in time, order or space).
Source:IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:40] +91 80756 09559: Historical Research
1) Discuss what is historical research.
Historical research is a study and analysis of the past events to predict the future. It involves systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past events. Merely collecting data related to the past events and presenting a chronology is not historical research.
2) Enumerate the purposes of historical research.
The purposes of historical research are:
• To reconstruct the past;
• To discover unknown events;
• To understand significance of events;
• To discover the context of an organization /movement/the situation;
• To find answers to questions about the past;
• To study cause – and effect relationship;
• To study relationship between the past and the present; and
• To record and evaluate the accomplishments of individuals, institutions and other kinds of organizations
• To provide understanding of the immediate phenomenon of concern
• To understand the cultural context of libraries
3) What are the steps involved in conducting historical research?
The steps involved in conducting historical research are:
• Identification of research topic and formulation of the research problem
• Collection of background information or contextual information about the research topic
• Formulation of the questions to be answered or formulation of hypothesis (es) (if appropriate) to explain causal relationships between historical variables
• Systematic collection of evidence or data or literature review
• Rigorous evaluation of historical resources (the authenticity of the resources and validity of their contents)
• Interpretation
• Synthesis into a narrative account
4) Why does a researcher not prefer secondary sources to primary sources of information?
A researcher does not prefer secondary to primary sources of information because these report information concerning an event, object, or phenomena not directly observed by the author/ compiler. As a result, the authority of these sources is less compared to those of primary sources.
5) Describe the process of data synthesis in historical research
Data synthesis involves collecting, organizing, analyzing and presenting the data systematically. It is important that the presentation is coherent. Therefore the researcher should plan the presentation regarding how the topics have to be sequenced from general to specific. There should be adequate diagrams supporting the narrative.
6) Why is scientific method difficult to apply in historical research?
It is difficult to apply scientific method to historical research due to lack of precision and objectivity. Historical method of research lacks the rigour of survey and experimental methods. It is post- facto in nature handling complex phenomena where it becomes difficult to apply scientific method.
KEYWORDS
Historical Research : Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data relating to past events concerning causes, effects or trends of those events to explain present events and predict future events
Library History : Historical research conducted in the field of library and information science
Source: IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:41] +91 80756 09559: Research: Meaning, Concept, Need
1) What constitutes research?
Research is a conscious and planned, critical and exhaustive intellectual activity, devoted to investigation of a phenomenon with the objective of expanding the frontiers of existing stock of knowledge. Such a process of investigation becomes scientific when a designated set of methods or techniques are applied to secure, measure, analyse and interpret data in a cycle of research ranging from the choice of a problem to the writing of the final report.
2) What is the need and purpose of research?
The need for research is to build up an infrastructure for creating new knowledge to develop a knowledge reservoir. The application of this knowledge for socioeconomic and cultural development of a country to provide material well being of societies, is the purpose.
3) Distinguish between basic and applied research.
Basic research studies a phenomena, essentially to obtain knowledge of it whose applications may or may not have any bearing on any application in the immediate future or even after a long time. Generally this type of research demands a very high order of intellectual caliber; intuition also plays an important role in this type of research. Those who are involved in basic research devote their efforts to the formulation or reformulation of theories and may not be concerned at all with
their application. Applied research on the other hand, is to acquire knowledge on the practical
application of the theoretical base already built up which is expected to solve a critical problem
4) What are the concepts that could be formed into a framework?
The concepts that could form a framework are: Theory, Hypothesis, Variables, Data/facts, Organisation of data/facts, Analysis, Interpretation, Conclusions, Generalisations, Tests for Validity of findings, Application to solve a problem, finally adding to the pool of knowledge.
5) What are the characteristics of modern research?
The general characteristics of modern research are:
• Research is the only way by which new knowledge can be created.
• It is highly intellectual, time consuming, long drawn, slow, sometimes frustrating and rarely spectacular.
• It is multi disciplinary and multidimensional.
• Most research is team effort, mostly undertaken corporate bodies.
• Modern Research is highly professional.
• Research funding is a very characteristic of modern research.
• Dissemination of results of research is systematically organised in modern research for peer review.
• Information Support services are also highly organised.
6) Mention some of the criteria for selection of topics for research.
Some of the sources for selecting a research are:
• The field that lends itself for study and research to identify areas of research is one of the best sources for taking suitable topics for investigation.
• The application of Information Technology to library and information science is a fertile area for research.
• Literature surveys in library and information studies are also a good source.
• Since Library and Information studies are increasingly multidisciplinary, attending such multidisciplinary conferences could throw light on the selection of a research topic.
• Senior professionals experts and academic leaders could suggest topics for research.
• Lists of topics of research university departments in Library and Information Science, Industries and Governments are also useful sources.
7) State the logical processes of scientific method as applied to research
Some of the logical processes of scientific method are:
• Identification of the research topic which would a proper formalstatement;
• Review of relevant literature to assess what has been already done in the topic taken for research;
• Collection of already established facts and figures on the topic of research;
• Formulation of a carefully drafted hypothesis;
• Testing the hypothesis, on the basis of a thoughtful research design;
• Assembling and organising the data collected systematically for analysis;
• Arriving at inferences and conclusions;
• Generalisation, if the results amenable for it;
• Preparation and presentation of the Research results; and
• Dissemination for peer review.
8) What are the types of laws, activity and cardinal stages in Ranganathan’s Spiral of
Scientific Method?
The types of laws, activity and cardinal stages in Ranganathan’s Spiral of Scientific
Method are:
A) Types of Laws:
i) Fundamental laws
ii) Deduced laws
iii) Nadir facts, and
iv) Empirical laws.
B) Types of Activity
i) Senses, experimentation, observation, concretisation, and particularisation;
ii) Intellect, induction, abstraction and generalisation;
iii) Generalisation, abstraction, sublimation, and intuition; and
v) Particularisation, concretisation, deduction and intellect.
C) Cardinal Stages in the Cycle:
i) Nadir
ii) Ascendent
iii) Zenith
iv) Descendent
9) How does the cycle of spiral of scientific method function?
Two things happen in re-entering the spiral:
• Observation and experiments are made to verify the validity of new deduced laws;
• Further continuous observation and experiment lead to accumulation of new empirical facts. So long as the deduced laws are verified empirically to be true and the new empirical facts are found to be in conformity with the implication of the fundamental laws, there is no further movement in the
spiral. As and when new empirical facts appear to contradict the new fundamental laws, scientific method is applied and new cycle get into full swing and carries the Spiral of Scientific Method further. The cycle is liable to be repeated without end. This method is easily applied to natural sciences.
10) What is Research design? State its function and purpose.
A “Research Design is “the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variance.” “The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables to answer the initial question as unambiguously as possible.” The purpose of research design is two fold: 1) to provide answers on research as objectively, validly, accurately and economically as possible; and 2) to bring empirical evidence (i.e. derived from or guided by experience or experiment) to bear on the research problem by controlling variance.
11. What are the values of studying research methodology?
The values of studying methodology are: To gain knowledge of the methods of research for pursuing research studies in library and information science. A good exposure to research methodology will enable professionals offer very effective to the research community in their needs for information in their research work. It can facilitate organizing thoughtful information services in general.
KEYWORDS
Ascendant : A position of dominance, controlling influence, superiority or preeminence.
Concept : A general notion or idea of something formed by mentally combining all its characteristics or particulars.
Descendant : Something that is going down.
Hypothesis : A proposition or set of propositions set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena.
Nadir : The lowest point in an activity.
Research : Systematic inquiry into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, etc.
Research : It is an arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of Design data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
Scientific : A method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant Method data gathered, hypothesis(es) formulated and the hypothesis(es) empirically tested.
Spiral : Winding and advancing like a coil continuously
Theory : A coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena.
Variable : The quality or quantity of a thing (abstract or concrete) that takes different values.
Zenith : The highest point of an activity.
Source: IGNOU Study Material
[10/4, 06:41] +91 80756 09559: 7 Steps Manthras to get Success UGC NET Exam.
In these 7 steps are very useful for UGC NET Exam Aspirants and to make confident to pass in this UGC NET Examination. Every one have prepared and study in well but some reason they can't to pass UGC NET Exam. Some UGC NET Aspirants missing the chance to pass in one marks, two marks. So in the single one marks and two marks to make the fail for your success.
First Steps: Find out where you were losing marks. I mean First Paper, Second Paper or 3rd Paper. UGC NET Aspirants must check their previous score and find out the areas of losing marks in all three papers.
Second Steps: You collect Previous Questions paper and try to answer all questions. In this way you can easily find out the important area. The reference to past questions helps in analysing the exam pattern and identification of important topics. This builds up confidence also that preparation is moving in right direction.
Third Steps: Purchase some good books specified by UGC that may help you to clear your basic concepts and logic as well as cover whole syllabus. Dont buy many books. UGC NET Aspirants should study and covered full books. Start with the topic you can cover faster. UGC NET Aspirants must read IGNOU (Indira Gandhi Open University) study materials. you can download all study materials through IGNOU official website with free of cost.
Fourth Steps: Time Management. It’s very important for your preparation and exam time also. You should make sure fully concentrate and focus on what you are reading during your study hours. You should study at least 4 to 5 hours daily to your studies depends upon your area interest.
Fifth Steps: UGC NET Aspirants should share in your topics with your same Aspirants. You may help others in understanding difficult topics and solving tough questions. Many Subject specialist conduct online mock test for all subjects.
Sixth Steps: Prepare Notes its very useful for Exam times. When you are preparing UGC Exams you should note short notes for easy memorizing and You can write down important things and related facts and points
Seventh Steps: Physical Exercise is very useful for your mind. Be free from stress. You should do 30 minutes Exercise. Pranayama is most powerful remedy for your stressed mind and to improve your memory power. Boost your confidence level. Don't loose of your confidence. You should mind Vivekananda Words: "Try and try again then you will reach your goal". You belief yourself. You can do.
All the best
[10/4, 06:41] +91 80756 09559: How to study for NET exam in one week?
For whom not yet started
Suggested Study Material:
Objective questions in library and information science 4 Rev ed Edition (English, Paperback, K. Kumar C. Lal) ₹291
Method
Day 1
1.Take any Objective Book (Choose the Right Book)
2. Just Read the question and answers like reading a Newspaper.
3. Mark the answer with simple dot[.] using a pencil
4. You will finish One MCQ Book in a day for first time.
Day 2
5. Next Day Same Method Same Book, Only Read but this time you can read that book in short span of time, May be you can finish it within half day.
6. So Read that book two times in 2nd day. (** In two days you will read that book three times)
[Mostly Reading three times a book will gives the confidence and Importantly you are familiar with the subject in 2 days]
Day 3
7. Same Method Same Book, Just Read Like the Newspaper reading,
8. May be you can read that book three times (**In three days you will read that book six times)
[Mostly After reading six times you can tell or guess the answer without looking options given]
9.When reading this time, Erase the all the answers you Marked in pencil.
Day 4
10. You can read the same book as many times as you can, but no two readings will ever be the same.
11. If you have a time, take Old Questions Papers, Read each and every questions, analayse, understand
I guarantee that if you sincerely read at-least 10 times any MCQ Books, Surely You can get Minimum 50% Marks. Getting Extra 10% of Mark to clear the NET exam is in your hands, Putting extra effort, how you are understood the subject, how you remember the subject etc.
For whom sincerely preparing for NET Exam
[Sincere practice, makes the impossible possible.- Dada Vaswani]
1. Use the above method to check your capacity.
2. Allot two to three days, Above method 100% helps you to strengthen your preparation
3. All the best, Surely you will succeed.